Back Klik staon Breton Palatoalveolarer Klick German Chasquido palatal Spanish Clic alvéolo-palatal French 硬口蓋歯茎吸着音 Japanese Palatale klik Dutch Mlask podniebienny Polish Палатальный щёлкающий согласный Russian Palatal click SIMPLE
| Palatal click (plain velar) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| k͡ǂ | |||
| ǂ | |||
| ᵏ𝼋 | |||
| IPA Number | 179 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ǂ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+01C2 | ||
| X-SAMPA | =\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced palatal click | |
|---|---|
| ǂ̬ | |
| ᶢǂ |
| Palatal nasal click | |
|---|---|
| ǂ̃ | |
| ᵑǂ |
The palatal or palato-alveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found, as components of words, only in southern Africa. The tongue is nearly flat, and is pulled back rather than down as in the postalveolar clicks, making a sharper sound than those consonants. ('Sharper' meaning that the energy is concentrated at higher frequencies.) The tongue makes an extremely broad contact across the roof of the mouth, making correlation with the places of articulation of non-clicks difficult, but Ladefoged & Traill (1984:18) find that the primary place of articulation is the palate, and say that "there is no doubt that [ǂ] should be described as a palatal sound".
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is ⟨ǂ⟩, a double-barred vertical bar. An older variant, the double-barred esh, ⟨𝼋⟩ (approximately ⨎), is sometimes seen. This base letter is combined with a second element to indicate the manner of articulation, though that is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks.
Doke noted a palatal click with a slapped release, [ᵑǂ¡].[2]
In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a ⟨k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ⟩ via a tie bar, though ⟨k⟩ is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript ⟨k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ⟩ without the tie bar, again often neglecting the ⟨k⟩. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular palatal clicks:
| Trans. I | Trans. II | Trans. III | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| (velar) | |||
| ⟨k͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨ᵏǂ⟩ | ⟨ǂ⟩ | tenuis palatal click |
| ⟨k͜ǂʰ⟩ | ⟨ᵏǂʰ⟩ | ⟨ǂʰ⟩ | aspirated palatal click |
| ⟨ɡ͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨ᶢǂ⟩ | ⟨ǂ̬⟩ | voiced palatal click |
| ⟨ŋ͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨ᵑǂ⟩ | ⟨ǂ̃⟩ | palatal nasal click |
| ⟨ŋ͜ǂ̥ʰʰ⟩ | ⟨ᵑǂ̥ʰʰ⟩ | ⟨ǂ̥̃ʰʰ⟩ | aspirated palatal nasal click |
| ⟨ŋ͜ǂˀ⟩ | ⟨ᵑǂˀ⟩ | ⟨ǂ̃ˀ⟩ | glottalized palatal nasal click |
| (uvular) | |||
| ⟨q͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨𐞥ǂ⟩ | tenuis palatal click | |
| ⟨q͜ǂʰ⟩ | ⟨𐞥ǂʰ⟩ | aspirated palatal click | |
| ⟨ɢ͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨𐞒ǂ⟩ | voiced palatal click | |
| ⟨ɴ͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨ᶰǂ⟩ | palatal nasal click | |
| ⟨ɴ͜ǂ̥ʰʰ⟩ | ⟨ᶰǂ̥ʰʰ⟩ | aspirated palatal nasal click | |
| ⟨ɴ͜ǂˀ⟩ | ⟨ᶰǂˀ⟩ | glottalized palatal nasal click | |
In the orthographies of individual languages, palatal clicks may be written either with digraphs based on the vertical-bar letter of the IPA, or using the Latin alphabet. Khoekhoee and most Bushman languages use the former. Orthographies using the latter include multigraphs based on ⟨ç⟩ in Juǀʼhoansi (1987 orthography) and originally in Naro, the latter since changed to ⟨tc⟩, and on ⟨qc⟩. In the 19th century, ⟨v⟩ was sometimes used (see click letters); this might be the source of the Doke letter for the voiceless palatal click, ⟨ↆ⟩, apparently a v over-struck with a vertical bar.